X-ray penetration (quality) is decided by which of the following?

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Multiple Choice

X-ray penetration (quality) is decided by which of the following?

Explanation:
Penetration, or beam quality, is about how energetic the photons are. The energy of the X-ray photons is set by the kilovoltage peak (kVp). Increasing kVp raises the average photon energy, shifting the spectrum to higher energies, which makes the beam more penetrating through tissues. The other factors change how many photons are produced or how many reach the receptor (quantity or intensity) rather than how penetrating the photons are: mA and exposure time control photon quantity, and source-to-image distance mainly affects intensity via the inverse-square law. So the level of penetration is determined by kVp.

Penetration, or beam quality, is about how energetic the photons are. The energy of the X-ray photons is set by the kilovoltage peak (kVp). Increasing kVp raises the average photon energy, shifting the spectrum to higher energies, which makes the beam more penetrating through tissues. The other factors change how many photons are produced or how many reach the receptor (quantity or intensity) rather than how penetrating the photons are: mA and exposure time control photon quantity, and source-to-image distance mainly affects intensity via the inverse-square law. So the level of penetration is determined by kVp.

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