Which of the following are LONG TERM effects from exposure to ionizing radiation?

• A. 1 and 2
• B. 1 and 3
• C. 2 and 3
• D. 1, 2 and 3

Answer: (D)

Long-term effects from ionizing radiation are late consequences that may not appear until years after exposure and are usually irreversible. Cancers can develop many years later, genetic effects involve heritable changes that can be passed to offspring, and certain tissue-specific late damage (like cataracts) can emerge after substantial dose to the organ. If the items listed represent three known late effects, then including all of them correctly captures the full range of long-term outcomes, making the option that contains all three the best choice. The other options omit at least one long-term effect, so they don’t reflect the complete set of late consequences.